Sensor

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When new technology developed, the one term which always strikes in mind is what sensor does it include to process. Sensors becoming most common but important in today's world covering all physical stimulus like light, heat, sound, pressure etc. Here, we are going to discuss about Infrared sensor - what is it , how does it work and what are the application areas.

 What is Sensor ?
A Sensor is a device / converter that detects input from the physical environment and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an electronic instrument. A sensor responds to an input quantity by generating a functionally related output usually in the form of an electrical or optical signal. A sensor's sensitivity indicated how much the sensor's output changes when the measured quantity changes. 
The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure or other physical stimulus.

Examples - 

Blood pressure meter - Device used to measure blood pressure "mercury in glass thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass".


Flow sensor - Device for sensing the rate of fluid flow. A flow sensor is the sensing element used in a flow meter. Flow meters are related to devices called velocimeter that measure velocity of fluids flowing through them.

Gyroscope - A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of angular momentum.

Photodiode - A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into current. The current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode.

Infrared (IR) - Infrared is invisible radiant energy, an infrared sensor is an electronic device that emits or detects infrared radiation in order to sense some aspect of its surroundings. It can measure the heat of an object, as well as detect motion.

Fig 1: Infrared Led and Photo-transistor

How does a sensor works ?

There are lots of sensors in today's world, every sensor have its own characteristics and way of processing.
Here we talk about IR sensor.

An IR (Infrared) sensor detect infrared light. The IR light is transformed into an electric current, and this is detected by a voltage or amperage detector. A property of light-emitting diodes (LED's) id that they produce a certain wavelength of light when an electric current is applied, but they also produce a current when they are subjected to the same wavelength light.
A pair of IR LED's can be used as motion detectors. The first IR LED act as emit LED and the second LED is to transmit a signal when it receives an IR input. When any object comes within range of the emitted IR, it reflects the IR back to the receiving LED and produces a signal. This signal can be used to program devices.


Fig 2: Basic design of IR sensor


Few image of IR sensor -





Application area of Sensor -

Sound, Vibration and Acoustic -

  • Geophone
  • Hydrophone
  • Lace Sensor
  • Microphone
Automotive and Transportation -
  • Air-Fuel ratio meter
  • Blind spot monitor
  • Defect detector
  • Tire-pressure monitoring sensor
  • Turbine speed sensor
  • Vehicle speed sensor
  • Speedometer
  • Torque sensor
  • Wheel speed sensor
Chemical -
  • Breathalyzer
  • Carbon dioxide sensor
  • Hydrogen sensor
  • Electronic nose
  • Ozone monitor
  • Smoke detector
  • Oxygen sensor
  • pH glass electrode
Electric current, electric potential, magnetic & radio -
  • Current sensor
  • Electroscope
  • Galvanometer
  • Hall effect sensor
  • Metal detector
  • Voltage detector
Environment, weather,moisture,humidity  -
  • Gas detector
  • Ceilometer
  • Actinometer
  • Rain sensor
  • Leaf sensor
  • Soil moisture sensor
  • Snow gauge
  • Pyranometer
  • Seisometer
  • Tide gauge
Flow, fuel velocity -
  • Air flow meter
  • Anemometr
  • Flow sensor
  • Water meter
  • Gas meter
Ionizing radiation, subatomic particles -
  • Bubble chamber
  • Cloud chamber
  • Geiger counter
  • Neutron detection
  • Wire chamber
Navigation instruments -
  • Air speed indicator
  • Altimeter
  • Attitude indicator
  • Gyroscope
  • Variometer
Position, angle, displacement, distance, speed, acceleration -
  • Auxanometer
  • Capacitive displacement sensor
  • Free fall sensor
  • Photoelectric sensor
  • Velocity receiver
  • Position sensor
  • LIDAR
Optical, light, imaging, photon -
  • Infrared sensor
  • Photodiode
  • Photoelectric sensor
  • Photoresistor
  • LED as light sensor
  • Wavefront sensor
Pressure -
  • Barometer
  • Barograph
  • Pressure gauge
  • Piezometer
  • Ionization gauge
Force, density, level -
  • Bhangmeter
  • Hydrometer
  • Piezoelectric sensor
  • Strain gauge
  • Torque sensor
  • Viscometer
  • Level Sensor
Thermal, heat, temperature -
  • Bolometer
  • Calorimeter
  • Flame detection
  • Gardon gauge
  • Temperature gauge
  • Pyrometer
  • Thermometer
Proximity, presence -
  • Alarm sensor
  • Doppoler radar
  • Motion detector
  • Occupancy sensor
  • Proximity sensor
  • Reed switch
  • Touch switch
  • Wired glove
Refernce -

****ATCAPH.com****

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